Case Western Reserve University Develops Artificial Intelligence (AI) Platform To Assess Whether Immunotherapy Is Working
Source: Thailand Medical News Nov 24, 2019 4 years, 11 months, 2 weeks, 6 days, 4 hours, 16 minutes ago
Medical, Imaging and
AI specialists from the
Case Western Reserve University digital imaging lab, already pioneering the use of
Artificial Intelligence (
AI) to predict whether chemotherapy will be successful, can now determine which lung-cancer patients will benefit from expensive
immunotherapy.
Again utilizing
AI algorithms, they're doing it by teaching a computer to find previously unseen changes in patterns in CT scans taken when the lung cancer is first diagnosed compared to scans taken after the first 2-3 cycles of
immunotherapy treatment. And, as with previous work, those changes have been discovered both inside and outside the tumor, a signature of the lab's recent research.
An illustration of the differences in CT radiomic patterns before and after initiation of checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Also, density of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, on diagnostic biopsies, was found to be higher in responders as compared to non-responders. Credit: Case Western Reserve University
Professor Dr Anant Madabhushi whose Center for Computational Imaging and Personalized Diagnostics (CCIPD) has become a global leader in the detection, diagnosis and characterization of various cancers and other diseases by meshing
medical imaging,
machine learning and
AI told
Thailand Medical News,"This is no flash in the pan,this research really seems to be reflecting something about the very biology of the disease, about which is the more aggressive phenotype, and that's information oncologists do not currently have."
Presently, only about 20% of all cancer patients will actually benefit from
immunotherapy, a treatment that differs from chemotherapy in that it uses drugs to help your immune system fight cancer, while chemotherapy uses drugs to directly kill cancer cells, according to the National Cancer Institute.
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Professor Dr Anant Madabhushi
Professor Dr Madabhushi said the recent work by his lab would help oncologists know which patients would actually benefit from the therapy, and who would not.
Professor Dr Madabhushi added,"Even though
immunotherapy has changed the entire ecosystem of cancer, it also remains extremely expensive about $200,000 per patient, per year.That's part of the financial toxicity that comes along with cancer and results in about 42% of all new diagnosed cancer patients losing their life savings within a year of diagnosis."
By having developed a tool based on the research being done now by his lab would go a long way toward &quo
t;doing a better job of matching up which patients will respond to
immunotherapy instead of throwing $800,000 down the drain," he added, referencing the four patients out of five who will not benefit, multiplied by annual estimated cost.
The recent research, led by co-authors Mohammadhadi Khorrami and Prateek Prasanna, along with Madabhushi and 10 other collaborators from six different institutions was published this month in the journal
Cancer Immunology Research.
Dr Khorrami, a graduate student working at the CCIPD, said one of the more significant advances in the research was the ability of the computer program to note the changes in texture, volume and shape of a given lesion, not just its size.
Dr Khorrami said. "This is important because when a doctor decides based on CT images alone whether a patient has responded to therapy, it is often based on the size of the lesion.We have found that textural change is a better predictor of whether the therapy is working. Sometimes, for example, the nodule may appear larger after therapy because of another reason, say a broken vessel inside the tumor but the therapy is actually working. Now, we have a way of knowing that."
Dr Prasanna, a postdoctoral research associate in Madabhushi's lab, said the study also showed that the results were consistent across scans of patients treated at two different sites and with three different types of
immunotherapy agents. "This is a demonstration of the fundamental value of the program, that our
machine-learning model could predict response in patients treated with different immune checkpoint inhibitors. We are dealing with a fundamental biological principal." he said.
Dr Prasanna said the initial study used CT scans from 50 patients to train the computer and create a mathematical
algorithm to identify the changes in the lesion. He said the next step will be to test the program on cases obtained from other sites and across different
immunotherapy agents. This research recently won an ASCO 2019 Conquer Cancer Foundation Merit Award.
In addition to this, Professor Dr Madabhushi said, researchers were able show that the patterns on the CT scans which were most associated with a positive response to treatment and with overall patient survival were also later found to be closely associated with the arrangement of immune cells on the original diagnostic biopsies of those patients. This suggests that those CT scans actually appear to capturing the immune response elicited by the tumors against the invasion of the cancer and that the ones with the strongest immune response were showing the most significant textural change and most importantly, would best respond to the
immunotherapy, he said.
Professor Dr Madabhushi established the CCIPD at Case Western Reserve in 2012. The lab now includes nearly 60 researchers. Some of the lab's most recent work, in collaboration with New York University and Yale University, has used AI to predict which lung cancer patients would benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy based on tissue-slide images. That advancement was named by Prevention Magazine as one of the top 10 medical breakthroughs of 2018.
Reference: Mohammadhadi Khorrami et al, Changes in CT radiomic features associated with lymphocyte distribution predict overall survival and response to immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer, Cancer Immunology Research (2019). DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-19-0476
