COVID-19 Research: SARS-CoV-2 Evades Antibodies By Having Glycans Masking Its Binding Sites. New Study Reveals Epitopes Not Shielded By These Polysaccharides
Source: COVID-19 Research Jul 08, 2020 4 years, 4 months, 5 days, 23 hours, 15 minutes ago
COVID-19 Research: German researchers from Max Planck Institute, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies and the Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University-Frankfurt have conducted a news study on the structural dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and have identified epitopes that could be possible immune targets for the development of vaccines or other therapeutics.
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The research findings that are yet to have be peer-reviewed are published on a preprint server.
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.186825v1
The novel coronavirus is an enveloped virus with a trimeric spike protein on its surface that is responsible for its binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptor. This mediates the conformational switch to a postfusion state, where the viral membrane fuses with the host cell membrane, and the virus enters the host cell.
The extremely abundant glycan residues of the spike protein prevent antibodies from targeting it and hinder the access of drugs as well. Therefore, the current study was aimed at capturing the conformational changes of the Spike (S) protein and the dynamic change in the glycan coating. The researchers used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to paint a vivid picture of the glycosylated S protein and identify candidate immunogenic epitopes, especially in the S2 subunit, which is responsible for the fusion of the virus to the host cell.
Typically antibodies need to have access to epitopes to bind to them. The current analysis showed that the dense shield of glycans significantly reduced the accessibility of S protein to antibodies. At any given time, only a small part of the surface of the spike is actually covered by these sugar residues, but they are so dynamic that they effectively shield the entire surface. This was seen by both ray analysis and Fab docking studies.
Interestingly, the most significant shielding effects are seen in the part nearest the membrane, where the non-glycated HR2 coil is open to the antibody attack almost entirely. Still, with glycosylation, it becomes inaccessible to the Fab fragment and other large molecules.
The Spike protein was found to have both rigid or structured regions, that bind to the antibody strongly and specifically, and dynamic regions. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) and nearby regions are similarly flexible, which supports research showing marked differences in the peptide chain structure in both open and closed states.
However on the other hand, the S2 domain that covers the fusion peptide has rigid protein structures, which may be necessary to keep this part of the molecule stable in the prefusion configuration.
The study team stresses the importance of developing vaccines that elicit antibodies against relatively stable epitopes to prevent escape mutations from emerging and allowing the new strains to replicate and becoming predominant. The current analysis found that S protein is highly conserved, and no variants are present in the current large databases for over half of the amino acids in this protein.
Lead researcher, Dr Mateusz Sikora from Max Planck Institute points out, “Conserved, rigid, and accessible regions present good candidates
for binding of protein partners in general.”
Utilizing these features, the researchers found 9 candidate epitopes, 4 of which are known and the remaining novel epitopes. All were in the head region of the spike protein, a structured portion of the molecule, unlike the flexible and inaccessible stalk region.
An earlier team of researchers found that the neutralizing antibody CR3022 bound to the S protein’s ectodomain, at an epitope beyond the ACE2 binding region. To achieve this binding, at least two of the three S protomers must be in the open configuration. This epitope is recovered in the current analysis, as well as epitopes that bind to other antibodies like CB6, H104, and S309. Two of the other epitopes also match the RBD binding sites already reported for neutralizing antibodies, showing, in the researchers’ words, “that our epitope-identification methodology is robust.”
The research also confirmed and carried forward earlier research on the impact of different patterns of glycosylation on the accessibility of the protein.
The team found that whether mannose alone was included or the full glycan shield was considered, Fab was blocked effectively by 60% and 80%, respectively.
Dr Sikora added, “Even a light glycan coverage strongly reduces the antibody accessibility of the protein.”
The team found that the first three epitopes had flexible loops as well as beta-folded strands. The next was on one alpha-helix flanked by another, lying on a beta-sheet of five strands, a very stable arrangement.
The subsequent two are on the apical portion of the RBD on the S protein, mostly flexible loops that show conformational changes in the open and closed states. Others consist of long and short flexible loops or a stable helix.
The study team sought to present the identified epitopes to maintain a robust immunogenic profile. They say that since the S protein is composed of distinct domains if these domains fold independently, they could conserve the epitopes and thus allow antibodies to be elicited by a vaccine. This could perhaps be served by suitably modifying the sequences.
Dr Sikora concluded, “The approach we introduced in this paper could be extended to predict epitopes from an integrated analysis of diverse betacoronaviruses, with the ultimate aim of producing a universal vaccine that guarantees broad protection against the whole virus family.”
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