Darobactin: New Antibiotic That Can Fight Drug -Resistant Bacteria Discovered In Guts Of Tiny Worms
Source: Thailand Medical News Nov 23, 2019 5 years, 4 weeks, 1 day, 18 hours, 40 minutes ago
Medical researchers from Northeastern University, Boston have discovered a new
antibiotic that could treat infections caused by some of the
drug-resistant bacteria that humanity is facing in the global
antibiotic resistance crisis.
Dr Kim Lewis & Dr Yu Imai, discovered an antibiotic that can help fight drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria.
Credit: Matthew Modoono/Northeastern University
The team of researchers led by Dr Kim Lewis, University Distinguished Professor of biology, announced their discovery of
darobactin, which can kill resistant microbes known as gram-negative bacteria.
The discovery, published today in
Nature, promises to be a much-needed weapon in the war on
drug-resistant bacteria, which are estimated to cause 700,000 deaths each year worldwide.
Dr Lewis, who directs the Antimicrobial Discovery Center, where the discovery of
darobactin was made told
Thailand Medical News in a phone interview, "We are running out of
antibiotics. We need to be looking for novel compounds with no pre-existing resistance in the clinic or the population."
Dr Yu Imai, a postdoctoral research associate in Lewis' lab, discovered the compound from Photorhabdus bacteria that live inside the gut of a nematode, a tiny parasitic worm found in soil. It's the first time, Lewis says, that the animal microbiome was found to harbor an
antibiotic that promises to be useful for humans.
In research experiments using mice conducted by Kirsten Meyer, also a postdoctoral research associate in Lewis' lab,
darobactin cured E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections, with no signs of toxicity.
The recently discovered compound breathes new life into the search for a solution to the antimicrobial resistance crisis. The molecule has a unique structure and an unusual mode of action that make it particularly effective against gram-negative bacteria.
Dr Lewis commented, "We have never seen anything remotely similar to that before among
antibiotics.”
Typically, gram-negative bacteria, which include E. coli and Salmonella, have an additional, outer membrane that shields them from many types of
antibiotics. This extra protection is why gram-negative bacteria are at the top of a list of "priority" pathogens that need to be targeted with new
antibiotics, compiled by the World Health Organization.
Most bacteria can also acquire additional resistance mechanisms from other microorganisms, which can make them largely impervious to currently available
ong>antibiotics. In a process biologists call horizontal gene transmission, bacteria pick up DNA from the environment and incorporate it into their genomes. These new genes can then be passed down to future generations.
This innate ability to pick and choose DNA is also how Photorhabdus bacteria, which have been around for hundreds of millions of years, acquired the genes coding for darobactin, Lewis says.
Dr Lewis further commented, "What were they doing for the last 370 million years? I think these bacteria screened the entire biosphere for antibiotics of use to us."
In a natural setting, Nematodes and Photorhabdus bacteria have a symbiotic relationship that helps them prey on different kinds of insects, such as caterpillars. Inside a caterpillar, nematodes release Photorhabdus bacteria, which in turn release toxins that kill the caterpillar and turn it into dinner. But as the symbionts dine, the Photorhabdus also have to fend off freeloaders from the environment, which might also want to feast on the dead caterpillar. These opportunistic microbes can come from the nematode's own gut, which happens to be full of the same gram-negative bacteria that attack humans.
Dr Lewis added, "Since Photorhabdus bacteria live in the nematode, and the nematode is an animal just like we are, whatever they make has to be non-toxic for us. These compounds also have to move through and survive in the tissues of the caterpillar, which is also an animal and is actually very similar to us."
It has been more than 50 years have passed since the introduction of the last class of antibiotics that target gram-negative bacteria.
Typically, the restrictive outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria is built with the help of an essential protein that sits on the surface of the cell. This protein, called BamA, works like a gumball machine that opens and closes a gate to dispense chewing gum. In these bacteria, BamA opens and closes a gate periodically, taking in freshly made proteins and inserting them into the protective membrane. That open-and-close mechanism is the vulnerability of these bacteria.
Dr Lewis explains, "Darobactin binds to that BamA protein and jams it, so it cannot open anymore. The bacteria cannot build a proper cell envelope, and that causes death."
When the researchers tested E. coli that had developed resistance to darobactin, the bacteria lost their ability to infect mice. That means gram-negative bacteria cannot change the BamA protein without losing their ability to infect.
Dr Eric Brown, Distinguished University Professor of biochemistry and biomedical sciences at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, says the discovery of darobactin is an example of research ‘from soup to nuts’ in terms of finding a compound from natural sources, figuring out a target, doing animal studies, and sorting out the way the organism makes that compound. "They didn't set out to find the BamA inhibitor, they just kind of stumbled on it," Brown says. "It's just kind of a master class on how to find a unique natural product antibiotic."
This is not the first time Lewis' lab has made a remarkable find by digging up soil bacteria. In 2015, Lewis and Slava Epstein, a professor of biology at Northeastern, working with NovoBiotic Pharmaceuticals, a biotech startup they founded together, announced the discovery of teixobactin, another promising class of antibiotics. Teixobactin targets gram-positive bacteria, another major class of microbes that includes MRSA, a deadly strain of staph.
Dr Brown, who emphasized that darobactin shows promise as a potential new antibiotic, says it's difficult to predict whether the newly discovered compound will be safe and effective in people. "It's pretty promising to see efficacy in infection models with more than one pathogen, and they report a lack of toxicity in those experiments, at least apparent, because it's not an extensive toxicity test by any stretch," Brown says. "It certainly is a very long road to a new antibiotic for humans, but I'm of the view that you really need shots on goal. And this is another shot on goal for a field that desperately needs options."
Dr Lewis expects darobactin to follow in the steps of teixobactin, which is on track to enter clinical trials. And, he says, there might be more antibiotics waiting to be discovered, including additional ones that target BamA. "There's a trillion species of bacteria on the planet," Lewis says. "It is hard for me to imagine that we found the only molecule that exists on the planet that targets this BamA protein."
The team is already planning to start clinical trials as early as March 2020.
Reference: Yu Imai et al. A new antibiotic selectively kills Gram-negative pathogens, Nature (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1791-1
