Neurodegeneration And Amyloid Accumulation Can Be Predicted By Objective Subtle Cognitive Difficulties
Source: Thailand Medical News Jan 01, 2020 4 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, 2 days, 21 hours, 17 minutes ago
Researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System report that accumulating
amyloid, an abnormal protein linked to
neurodegenerative conditions such as
Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurred faster among persons deemed to have "
objectively-defined subtle cognitive difficulties" (
Obj-SCD) than among persons considered to be "cognitively normal."
Defination and classification of
Obj-SCD, which has been previously shown to predict progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, is determined using non-invasive but sensitive neuropsychological measures, including measures of how efficiently someone learns and retains new information or makes certain types of errors.
The study findings, say authors, suggest that
Obj-SCD can be detected during the preclinical state of AD when
amyloid plaques are accumulating in the brain,
neurodegeneration is just starting, but symptoms of impairment on total scores on thinking and memory tests have not yet been recorded.
Senior author Dr Mark W. Bondi, Ph.D., Professor of Psychiatry at UC San Diego School of Medicine and the VA San Diego
Healthcare System told
Thailand Medical News, "The scientific community has long thought that
amyloid drives the
neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment associated with
Alzheimer's disease. These findings, in addition to other work in our lab, suggest that this is likely not the case for everyone and that sensitive neuropsychological measurement strategies capture subtle cognitive changes much earlier in the disease process than previously thought possible. This work, led by Dr. Kelsey Thomas, has important implications for research on treatment targets for
Alzheimer, as it suggests that cognitive changes may be occurring before significant levels of
amyloid have accumulated. It seems like we may need to focus on treatment targets of pathologies other than
amyloid, such as tau, that are more highly associated with the thinking and memory difficulties that impact people's lives."
Research participants were enrolled in the
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), an on-going effort (launched in 2003) to test whether regular, repeated brain imaging, combined with other biological markers and clinical assessments, can measure the progression of MCI and early AD. Seven hundred and forty-seven persons were involved in this study: 305 deemed cognitively normal, 153 with
Obj-SCD and 289 MCI. All underwent neuropsychological testing and both PET and MRI scans.
The study team found that
amyloid accumulation was faster in persons classified with
trong> Obj-SCD than in the cognitively normal group. Those classified as Obj-SCD also experienced selective thinning of the entorhinal cortex, a region of the brain impacted very early in Alzheimer's disease and associated with memory, navigation and perception of time. Persons with MCI had more amyloid in their brain at the start of the study, but they did not have faster accumulation of amyloid compared to those with normal cognition. However, those with MCI had more widespread temporal lobe atrophy, including the hippocampus.
Scientists believe that for most people, AD is likely caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors. Increasing age is a primary, known risk factor. The amyloid hypothesis or amyloid cascade model posits that accumulating amyloid protein plaques in the brain kill neurons and gradually impair specific cognitive functions, such as memory, resulting in AD dementia. However, many scientists are now questioning the amyloid hypothesis given the large number of clinical trials in which drugs targeted and successfully cleared amyloid from the brain but did not impact the trajectory of cognitive decline.
The important ability to identify those at risk for Alzheimer before significant impairment and before or during the phase of faster amyloid accumulation would be a clinical boon, said authors, providing both a way to monitor disease progression and a window of opportunity to apply potential preventive or treatment strategies.
At the moment, both approaches are limited. Some risk factors for Alzheimer's can be minimized, such as not smoking, managing vascular risk factors such as hypertension or following a healthy diet with regular exercise. There are a handful of medications approved for treating symptoms of AD, but as yet, there is no cure.
First author Thomas, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at UC San Diego School of Medicine and research Health Scientist at the VA San Diego Healthcare System further commented, "While the emergence of biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease has revolutionized research and our understanding of how the disease progresses, many of these biomarkers continue to be highly expensive, inaccessible for clinical use or not available to those with certain medical conditions. A method of identifying individuals at risk for progression to AD using neuropsychological measures has the potential to improve early detection in those who may otherwise not be eligible for more expensive or invasive screening."
Reference : Kelsey R. Thomas et al, Objective subtle cognitive difficulties predict future amyloid accumulation and neurodegeneration, Neurology (2019). DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008838
